The "Agreement on the Application of SANITARY AND PhytoSANITARY MEASURES" is one of the main agreement under the auspices of the World Trade Organization (WTO) which is called SPS. This agreement includes the rules on application of SANITARY AND phytoSANITARY MEASURES. The purpose of the first measure is protection of human health AND life of animal. The aim of the second is on the protection of the health of the plant. Nevertheless, the ultimate goal is to protect human health AND environment. Well-known examples of the MEASURES can be noted as nutrition stANDards, licensing procedures transportation rules, AND quarantine.Contracting States of the SPS can legitimately take the SANITARY AND phytoSANITARY MEASURES to prevent the importation of hazardous materials, which are considered as a threat to health AND life of their citizens, into their territory.Since the purpose of the WTO is to liberalize trade, the imposition of any trade restriction shall be in accordance with related terms AND requirements which ignoring them may lead to the responsibility of the State. SPS AND its supplements regulate the terms AND conditions of resorting to these MEASURES under the main obligation of the contracting States. These terms AND conditions are necessity, scientific justification AND risk assessment. These requirements are decisive criteria for finding the legitimacy of contracting State’s action.This article will examine AND analyze these three requirements along with the related case law from the perspective of health protection.

The free trade system is going to reduce the tariffs AND remove the non-tariffs barriers that WTO undertakes to do them. Some imported products have problems with regard to safety AND health AND importing countries are concerned that the entrance of such products to their territories will danger public health. These concerns may be as result of public opinion AND concerns that may have a scientific basis or not. Under some conditions, "The Agreement on SANITARY AND PhytoSANITARY MEASURES" permits the Members to prevent the importation of the products that are dangerous to the public health AND safety. This essay seeks to examine to what extent can the Members' public opinion about health AND safety of imported products be a reason for taking restrictive-free trade SANITARY AND phytoSANITARY MEASURES? The careful survey of the above-mentioned Agreement shows that there is considerable scope for the Members to rely on the non-scientific evidence such as public opinion to take MEASURES for protecting the life AND health of humans AND environment.

Today, many different methods are applied for the correct use of foods AND to prevent their deterioration. Ensuring healthy conditions for people in food consumption AND consumption of healthy foods is very important for human welfare. In this study, food spoilage, the factors that cause food spoilage, its effects on a global basis, food transport systems (cold chain) AND MEASURES that prevent or delay food spoilage are discussed.

Introduction: In the current research, it has been tried to qualitatively study all kinds of policies AND MEASURES necessary for alignment between teacher preparation programs AND democratic social education competencies under the model of teacher education curricula, which include: direct (official) curriculum, Indirect curriculum, informal curriculum (implicit) AND unstructured curriculum (hidden) should be identified in the educational system. Method: Qualitative approach AND phenomenological method were used in this research. The field of research is Farhangian University of Hormozgan AND the participants are  13  lecturers of this university. The sampling method is a combination of convenience AND snowball sampling. The research tool was a semi-structured interview. The information was analyzed using thematic analysis method AND then using MAXQDA software... Result: The information was analyzed using the theme analysis method AND then using MAXQDA software in the form of 2  overarching themes, 8 organizing themes AND 25  basic themes. The results of this research showed the basic policies AND MEASURES for teacher preparation programs, in the form of two components, strategies AND solutions of teacher training curricula, separated by curricula (formal, informal, informal, unstructured curriculum) AND with the goal of preparing The formation of teachers has been identified in the educational system to realize the competencies of democratic social education. Conclusion: Therefore, examining the opportunities, facilities, AND resources available to achieve these actions should be on the agenda of decision makers AND educational planners. It is necessary to pay special attention to the strategies AND solutions of teacher training curricula.

Background AND Aim: The SANITARY AND PhytoSANITARY Agreement (SPS) govern regulations aimed at protecting human, animal AND plant health. Today, in the international system of many governments, regulations have been established to ensure the health of consumers' food AND to prevent the spread of pests or diseases among animals AND plants. This health (human AND animal health) AND phytoSANITARY (plant health) MEASURES in the form of international commitments have raised the protection areas to some extent, but the challenges facing the effective implementation of guarantees lead to non-compliance with international commitments in It has various forms that can threaten human health. Method: This research is of a theoretical type AND the research method is descriptive-analytical AND the method of collecting information is library-based AND by referring to documents, books AND articles. Ethical Considerations: In this research, the principles of trustworthiness, honesty, neutrality AND originality of the work have been respected. Results: In relation to regulations related to health AND safety, the Agreement on Technical Barriers (Conservation of Natural Habitats) over trade has been replaced by the Agreement on SANITARY AND PhytoSANITARY MEASURES (SPS). The occurrence of danger for human, animal AND plant health has been compiled. In this article, we will examine the MEASURES taken in the SPS agreement. Conclusion: The purpose of this agreement is to create a framework of rules AND principles necessary to develop, approve AND implement SANITARY AND phytoSANITARY MEASURES in order to reduce the negative effects on trade. Among these forms, we can mention the requirement to import products from disease-free areas, product inspection, special inspection or processing of products, determining the maximum allowed levels of pesticide residues or the permitted use of certain additives in food. Please cite this article as: Paksima I, Mirabbasi SB, Sadeghi M, Mousavi Mirkolaei ST. An Analysis on the Legal Development of Human, Animal AND Plant Health with an Emphasis on the Agreement on Health AND Plant Health MEASURES (SPS). Medical Law Journal. 2024; 18: e17.

Humankind has always experienced conflicts of interests in his life. He has suffered from loss of health AND environment resources meanwhile reaching economic profits. New technologies have facilitate people affairs AND at the same time have caused unknown risks which are so ambiguous AND complicated to be realized by scientists. So, it needs to adjust obtaining economic interests AND protection of public health AND environment. This concern is pursuit by putting forward AND supporting precautionary principle to apply in WTO system. Dispute settlement body has claimed that the principle is reflected provisional MEASURES (based on article 5. 7) AND also in appropriate level of protection (ALOP) in different provisions of SANITARY AND phytoSANITARY MEASURES agreement ( including paragraph 6 of preamble AND Article 3. 3 of that agreement). This paper will examine that claim AND clarify the relationship Between the precautionary principle AND the appropriate level of protection in WTO legal system.

LANDfilling is an ultimate fate of any municipal solid waste management system, AND it is a no alternative choice for disposal of municipal solid waste. The major environmental concerns associated with lANDfilling of wastes are related to the leachate generation AND eventual discharge of leachate into the environment. Leachate quality is formed due to aerobic AND anaerobic processes taking place in lANDfill. During aerobic decomposition of wastes, which is short in period, organic matters are converted to CO2, H2O AND volatile acids. Anaerobic decompositon of wastes takes place in three phases, AND methane, carbon dioxid, ammonia, AND hydrogen sulfide gases are generated. In order to prevent leachate from percolation to ground water, natural or synthetic liners must be constructed at the bottom of lANDfill. Babol municipal lANDfill is located in Angelsi region, 30 km southwest of Babol with general slope of 14%. The total area of this site is 4 hectare. Yearly average municipal soild waste generation of Babol is 136 mertic tonne. So the life time of this site is estimated to be 4 years. Generation rate of primary leachate in this lANDfill is about 11.8m3 per day, for waste field capacity of 0.6 cm/cm AND moisture content of 70%. Steress due to vehicle is negligible (0.001492 kg/cm3). Leachate management system in Bobal municipal lANDfill is composed of three elements: leachate trench with low permeability of K=10-3 cm/sec, comprised of sAND with 16-32 mm in diametere AND depth of 30cm. Thus 10500 m3 of sAND is used to construct these trenches in 3.5 ha of use full area available for lANDfilling. Leachate collection system is made of cement pipes with 15 cm in dimeter. These pipes are especially prepared for this purpose. AND finally a liner made of local clay compacted in thickness of one meter, so the maximum conductivity of this liner was in the order of mangitude of 10-7cm/sec.